IC-NRLF 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE 
iES  OF  ITALIAN  PAINTERS 


By 
ERNEST  H.  WILKINS 


IE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAC 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE 
NAMES  OF  ITALIAN  PAINTERS 


By 
ERNEST  H.  WILKINS 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


COPYRIGHT  1920  BY 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 


All  Rights  Reserved 


Published  March  1920 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.S.A. 


PART  I.    RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNOAtl6K  OF - 
NAMES  OF  ITALIAN  PAINTERS 


1.    Stress 

In  names  which  have  two  or  more  vowels, 
one  vowel  is  stressed  more  than  the  other  or 
others. 

In  general,  the  next-to-last  vowel  is  stressed 
(as  in  the  first  three  names  in  the  column  of 
examples). 

In  many  names,  however,  the  vowel  before 
the  next-to-last  vowel  is  stressed.  In  this 
pamphlet  every  such  name  has  the  position 
of  the  stress  indicated  by  a  special  printing 
of  the  stressed  vowel.  In  some  cases  the 
vowel  is  printed  in  italic  type;  in  some  cases, 
if  the  vowel  is  e,  the  special  type  e  is  used; 
in  some  cases,  if  the  vowel  is  o,  the  special 
type  D  is  used.  (The  special  types  e  and  o 
not  only  indicate  that  the  vowel  is  stressed, 
but  show  also  how  it  is  to  be  pronounced,  as  will 
be  stated  in  Section  2.) 

In  a  few  names  the  last  vowel  is  stressed. 
In  every  such  name  the  stressed  vowel  has  a 
written  accent. 

In  this  pamphlet  no  vowel  is  specially 
printed  unless  it  is  stressed.  If  then,  in  a 
name  in  this  pamphlet,  any  vowel  is  specially 
printed  or  has  an  accent,  that  vowel  is  the 
stressed  vowel.  If  no  vowel  in  a  name  is 
specially  printed  or  has  an  accent,  the  next-to- 
last  vowel  is  the  stressed  vowel. 

EXERCISE. — Look  through  the  list  of  names  in 
Part  II,  and  point  out  in  each  name  the  stressed 
vowel. 


Bramantino 

Liberate 

Vivarini 


Domenico 

/mola 

Paolo 

Alessio 

Tiepolo 

Antonio 

Garofalo 


Forli 
NiccolD 


420212 


2.    Vowels 


A.— The  letter  a  aivvayc  has  the  sound  of  a 
in  "father."  This  sound  is  always  clear,  even 
when  unstressed. 

E. — When  e  is  unstressed  it  always  has  the 
sound  of  a  in  "fate." 

Stressed  e  has  hi  some  words  the  sound  of  a 
in  "fate,"  and  in  other  words  the  sound  of  e 
in  "met."  In  this  pamphlet  the  special  type 
e  is  used  for  every  e  which  has  the  sound  of  e 
in  "met." 

The  letter  e  always  has  one  or  the  other  of 
these  two  sounds.  Each  sound  is  always 
clear. 

I. — The  letter  i  has  in  general  the  sound 
of  double  ee  in  "bee."  This  sound  is  always 
clear.  The  sound  of  i  in  "pin"  does  not 
occur  hi  Italian. 

But  when  *  is  unstressed  and  followed  by 
a  vowel,  it  has  hi  general  the  sound  of  y  in 
"yes."  Be  careful,  in  pronouncing  such  an 
i,  not  to  make  a  separate  syllable  of  it. 

But  when  i  is  unstressed  and  followed  by  a 
vowel  and  preceded  by  c,  g,  or  gl,  it  is  silent. 
(The  c  in  this  case  has  the  sound  of  ch  in 
"church,"  the  g  has  the  sound  of  g  hi  "ginger," 
and  the  gl  has  the  sound  of  tti  in  "million," 
as  will  be  stated  hi  Section  3.) 

EXERCISE. — Look  through  the  list  of  names  in 
Part  II,  and  point  out  all  the  cases  in  which  *  has 
the  sound  of  y,  and  all  the  cases  in  which  i  is  silent. 

O. — When  o  is  unstressed  it  always  has  the 
sound  of  o  in  "go." 

Stressed  o  has  in  some  words  the  sound  of  o 
in  "go,"  and  in  other  words  the  sound  of  o  in 


Canale 
Salvatore 


Canale 
Federigo 

Domcnico 
Credi 

Piero 
Timoteo 


Filippino 
Lippi 


Bastiani 
Fiore 


Cione 

Froncia 

Bugiardini 

Giovanni 

Benaglio 

Conegliano 


Agostino 
Solaria 

Moroni 
Rosso 


"softer."  In  this  pamphlet  the  special  type  D 
is  used  for  every  o  which  has  the  sound  of  o  in 
"softer." 

U. — The  letter  u  has  in  general  the  sound  of 
oo  in  "boot."  Be  careful  never  to  give  it,  as 
we  do  in  English,  the  sound  yoo.  If  you  have 
studied  French,  be  careful  never  to  give  it 
the  sound  of  the  French  u. 

But  when  u  is  unstressed  and  followed  by  a 
vowel,  it  has  the  sound  of  w  hi  "woe." 

Adjacent  vowels. — When  two  vowels  stand 
side  by  side  each  has  its  own  full  sound;  ex- 
cept hi  the  cases,  already  referred  to,  hi  which 
*  has  the  sound  of  y,  or  is  silent,  and  u  has  the 
sound  of  w. 

3.    Consonants 

Most  of  the  consonants  have  in  Italian 
approximately  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 
Special  study  is  necessary  for  c,  g,  h,j,  s,  and  z, 
and  for  double  consonants. 

C. — The  letter  c  has  hi  general  the  sound 
of  cm  "can." 

This  is  true  when  c  comes  before  h.  The 
h  itself  is  silent  (as  will  be  stated  below),  so 
that  the  combination  ch  may  be  thought  of  as 
having  the  sound  of  c  in  "can." 

But  when  c  is  followed  by  e  or  i,  it  has  in 
general  the  sound  of  ch  in  "church." 

But  when  the  combination  sc  is  followed  by 
e  or  i,  the  combination  sc  has  the  sound  of  sh 
in  "she." 

EXERCISE. — Look  through  the  list  of  names  in 
Part  II,  and  point  out  all  the  cases  in  which  c  has 
the  sound  of  ch  in  "church,"  and  all  the  cases  in 
which  sc  has  the  sound  of  sh. 


Antonio 
Polidoro 


Benvenuto 
Tura 


Buonarroti 
Guido 

Andrea 
Paolo 


Catena 
Credi 


Francesco 

Cimabue 

Cione 

Brescia 


G.—  The  letter  g  has  in  general  the  sound 

P       .      //        .. 

of  g  in  "go." 

This  is  true  when  g  comes  before  h.  The 
h  itself  is  silent  (as  will  be  stated  below),  so 
that  the  combination  gh  may  be  thought  of  as 
having  the  sound  of  g  in  "go." 

But  when  g  is  followed  by  e  or  *,  it  has  the 
sound  of  g  in  "ginger."  If  you  have  studied 
French,  be  careful  not  to  give  this  g  the  sound 
of  the  French  soft  g. 

EXERCISE.  —  Look  through  the  list  of  names  in 
Part  II,  and  point  out  all  the  cases  in  which  g  has 
the  sound  of  g  in  "ginger." 

The  combination  gn  has  the  sound  of  ni  in      Orcagna 


Guardi 

AmerigW 


Angelico 
Perugino 
Giovanni 


The  combination  gl  before  *  has  the  sound 
of  tti  in  "million." 

H. — The  letter  h  is  always  silent.  In  proper 
names  it  occurs  only  in  the  combinations  ch, 
which  has  the  sound  of  c  in  "can,"  and  gh, 
which  has  the  sound  of  g  in  "go." 

J. — Initial.;  has  the  sound  of  y  in  "yes." 

S. — The  letter  s  has  in  general  the  sound  of 
s  in  "sister." 

But  a  single  5  between  vowels  has  in  some 
words  the  sound  of  s  in  "sister,"  and  in  other 
words  the  sound  of  s  in  "rose."  In  this 
pamphlet  every  s  which  has  the  sound  of  s  in 
"rose"  is  printed  in  italic  type. 

Z. — The  letter  z  has  in  general  the  sound  of 
ts  in  "gets." 

But  in  some  words  it  has  the  sound  of  dz 
in  "adze."  In  this  pamphlet  every  z  which 
has  the  sound  of  dz  in  "adze"  is  printed  in 
italic  type. 


Bonfigli 
Conegliano 


Jacopo 

Sebastiano 
Cassa 

Pisa 


Alvije 
CDsimo 


Lorenzo 
Tiziano 


Bronsino 

Zan^bi 


Notice  that  the  letter  s  never  has,  in  Italian, 
the  sound  which  it  has  in  English. 

Double  consonants. — Double  consonants  in 
general  have  the  same  sound  as  single  conso- 
nants, but  should  be  held  in  pronunciation 
twice  as  long  as  single  consonants. 

The  combination  cc  before  e  or  i  has  the      Vannucti 
sound  of  ch  in  "church"  prolonged. 

The  combination  gg  before  e  or  i  has  the 
sound  of  g  in  "ginger"  prolonged. 

The  combination  22,  however,  does  not 
differ  in  length  from  the  single  z. 

Other  facts  about  consonants. — The  Italian 
consonants  d,  I,  n,  and  /  are  pronounced  farther 
forward  in  the  mouth  than  the  corresponding 
English  consonants,  the  point  of  the  tongue 
touching  the  upper  front  teeth. 

The  Italian  r  is  rolled,  the  point  of  the 
tongue  vibrating  just  behind  the  teeth. 

The  Italian  5  (of  the  usual  type)  is  hissed 
more  sharply  than  the  English  s. 

When  /,  m,  n,  or  r  stands  just  after  a  stressed 
vowel  and  just  before  another  consonant,  its 
sound  is  prolonged. 


Baldovinetti 

Filippo 

Raffaello 


Caravaggio 


Pa.lmessa.no 


Benedetto 
Meldola 


Fabriano 
Liberate 


Sassetta 


Ridolfo 
Piombo 
Vinci 
Leonardo 


PART  II.    A  LIST  OF  NAMES  OF  ITALIAN  PAINTERS, 

WITH  INDICATIONS  AS  TO  THEIR 

PRONUNCIATION 

This  list  contains,  of  the  names  of  Italian  painters  which 
appear  in  the  extensive  index  in  A  Short  History  of  Italian 
Painting  by  Alice  V.  V.  Brown  and  W.  Rankin  (London: 
Dent;  and  New  York:  Button;  1914,  pages  337-410),  all  those 
in  which  the  stress  rests  on  any  vowel  other  than  the  next-to- 
last,  and  all  those  containing  any  letter  the  pronunciation  of 
which  could,  after  mastery  of  the  rules  in  Part  I,  remain  in 
doubt — that  is,  a  stressed  e,  a  stressed  o,  an  5  between  vowels, 
or  a  z. 

For  the  spelling  of  the  names  (since  Brown  and  Rankin 
are  not  authoritative  in  this  respect)  I  have  followed  the  usage 
of  A.  Venturi  in  his  Storia  dell'  arte  italiana,  Vols.  V  and  VII 
(Milan,  Hoepli,  1907-15). 

In  any  name  given  in  this  list,  if  the  vowel  is  specially 
printed  or  has  an  accent,  that  vowel  is  the  stressed  vowel.  If 
no  vowel  in  the  word  is  specially  printed  or  has  an  accent,  the 
next-to-last  vowel  is  the  stressed  vowel.  If  the  letter  e  is 
printed  in  the  special  type  e,  it  has  the  sound  of  e  in  "met"; 
otherwise  it  has  the  sound  of  a  in  "fate."  If  the  letter  o  is 
printed  in  the  special  type  D,  it  has  the  sound  of  o  in  "softer"; 
otherwise  it  has  the  sound  of  o  in  "go."  If  the  letter  s  is 
printed  in  italic  type  it  has  the  sound  of  s  in  "rose";  otherwise 
it  has  the  sound  of  s  in  "sister."  If  the  letter  z  is  printed  in 
italic  type  it  has  the  sound  of  dz  in  "  adze  " ;  otherwise  it  has  the 
sound  of  ts  in  "gets." 

Any  Italian  painter's  name  mentioned  by  Brown  and 
Rankin  and  not  found  in  this  list  is  stressed  on  the  next-to- 
last  vowel;  any  e  it  contains  has  the  sound  of  a  in  "fate"; 
any  o  it  contains  has  the  sound  of  o  in  "go";  and  any  s  it  con- 
tarns  has  the  sound  of  s  in  "sister." 


Albertinelli 

Alessio 

Allodio 

AUegretti 

Allegri 

Albri 

Altichiero 

Alvise 

Ambrogio 

Andrea 

Angelico 


Angiwssola 

Anm*bale 

Anselmi 

Antonello 

Antoniazzo 

Antonio 

Arcangelo 

Arezzo 

Assiri 

Avanzo 

B 

Baccio 

Baldovinetti 

Barbari 

Barbieri 

Barnaba 

Baroccio 


Bartolo 

Bartolommeo 

Basaiti 

Bazzi 

Beccaruzzi 

Belbtto 

Benaglio 

Benedetto 

BenDzzo 

Bergognone 

Berna 

Be^ozzo 

Betti 

Bissolo 

Boccaccio 

Bologna 

Boltraffio 

Bonaccorsi 

Bonascia 

Bondone 

Bonifazio 

Boninsegna 

Bono 

Bonsignori 

Bordone 

Boswccio 

BotticelH 

Brea 

Brescia 

Bronzino 

Bru^asorci 

Buonarroti 

Busi 

Butinone 


Cambia^o 

Campione 

Canaletto 

Canavesio 

Capponi 

Caravaggio 

Caroto 

Carpaccio 

Camera 

Casale 

Casentino 

Castiglione 

Catena 

Cavaliere 

Cawzzola 

Ceccarelli 

C&sare 

Ctgoli 

Clone 

Civerchio 

Cola 

Conti 

Coppo 

Comzcchio 

Correggio 

Cortona 

Cosimo 

Cossa 

Casta 

Cotignola 

Credi 

Cremona 

Crivelli 

Croce 


D 

Dalma^io 

Daniele 

Dario 

Defendente 

Dei 


Dolce 
Domenico 
DDSS-i,-o 
Dwccio 

E 

Emilia 
ercole 
erri 
Eu5ebio 

F 

Faenza 

Falconetto 

Fei 

Ferramola 

Fiesole 

Filipepi 

Fiore 

Fiorenzo 

Firenze 

Poppa 

ForH 

Francesca 

Franceschi 

Francesco 

Francescwccio 

Francia 

Franciabigio 

Fredi 


10 


Garofalo 

Gaudenzio 

Genga 

Ghirlandoio 

Giacomo 

Giacoso 

Giambono 

Gian(ni)1 

Giorgio 

Giorgione 

Giotto 

Gi0vane 

Giovan(ni)1 

Girolamo 

Giwlio 

Gozzoli 

Gramnorseo 

Grecchietto 

Gregorio 

Guariento 

I 

imola 
Ingegno 
Innocenzo 

J 

Jacobello 
Jacopo 

L 

Lanziani 
~Lazza.ro 
Lecce 


Licmio 

Lodi 

Longhi 

Lorenzetti 

Lorenzo 

Lotto 

Lwteri 

M 

Macchiavelli 

Maestro 

Mansueti 

Mantegna 

Marcello 

Margaritone 

Marieschi 

Morio 

Mariotto 

Marziale 

Ma^accio 

Maso 

Ma^olino 

Matteo 

Mazzol-a,-i 

Mazzolino 

Mazzone 

Melanzio 

Meldola 

Melon-e,-i 

Melzi 

Memmi 

Menabuoi 

Meo 

Mezsastris 


1  When  the  ni  is  dropped  the  stress  remains  upon  the  a. 


Michelangelo 

Michele 

Modena 

Monaco 

Montorfano 

Moretto 

Moron-e,-i 

N 

Negroponte 
Neri 
Neroccio 
NiccoB 
Nuzi 

O 

Oggiano 
Orazio 
Orvieto 

P 

Pacchiarotto 

Pfldova 

Palmezzano 

Panetti 

Poolo 

Parenzano 

Pecori 

Pelliccioio 

Penni 

Perosino 

Peruzzi 

Pesellino 

Pesello 

Piamonte 

Piazza 


Pier(o)1 

Pietro 

Pinturzcchio 

Piombo 

Pisa 

Pisanello 

Pisano 

Pistoia 

Pizzolo 

Polidoro 

PollaiuDlo 

Ponte 

Pontormo 

Pordenone 

Porta 

Predis 

Priamo 

P«ccio 

Pwligo 

Q 

Quercia 
Quirizio 

R 

Raffaello 

Reni 

Riccio 

Ridolfo 

Rimini 

Rizzo 

Roberti 

RDCCO 

Rondinello 

Rosa 


1  When  the  o  is  dropped,  the  stress  remains  upon  the  e. 
12 


Rosalba 

Tome 

Rosselli 

Tommaso 

Rosso 

Torbido 

Rujuti 

Trevi^o 

S 

Turone 

Salimbeni 

U 

SalvatorCe)1 

Uccello 

Santacroce 

Utili 

Sanzio 

Sassetta 

V 

Savoldo 

Vann^ccio 

Scaletti 

Vecchietta 

Schiavone 

Vecchio 

Sellaio 

VeceUio 

Semitecolo 

Veneto 

Sesto 

Veneziano 

Siena 

Veri 

Signorelli 

Verona 

Simone 

Veronese 

Sadoma 

Verrocchio 

Solflrio 

Vicenza 

Spanzotti 

Vincenzo 

Spinell-i,-o 

Viterbo 

Squarcione 

Vittore 

Stefano 

Volterra 

T 

Z 

Taddeo 

Zaganelli 

Tempesta 

Zampieri 

Tiberio 

Zanabi 

Tiepolo 

Zavattari 

Timoteo 

Zenale 

Tintoretto 

Zevio 

Tm 

Zoppo 

Tiziano 

Zwccari 

1  When  the  e  is  dropped, 

the  stress  remains  upon  the  o. 

13 

PAT.  JAN.  2 1.1 908 


YB  80058 


420212 


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